Standardization and Prescriptivism

Haugen (1966), Milroy and Milory (1985)
Selection of a variety to be the standard.
Codification by which norms are elucidated and captured in dictionaries or grammar.
Elaboration which involves the extension of the standard to a wider variety of functions.
Implementation whereby norms are imposed, and variability suppressed.

Prescriptivism: judgements about the correctness

A FEW WORDS
Number of speakers
Colonisation – political incorporation – national reaction
Displacement – subjection – replacement
Restructuring of social identity (Schneider)
Dialect levelling/internal variation
Substrate
Pidgin and creoles