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The Ottomans after the Capitolations


1660: first defeat of the Ottomans (against the Russians)
XVII century: CAPITOLATIONS -> the protection of the people of the Christian Millet passed under the Russians -> this community gained a lot of privileges:

- modern schools: they were still religious schools, but Christians wrote in a foreign language (Russian), they could read original text and they could speak the language of the foreign traders;

- they could become rich traders;

- they were the first “revolutionary” people.

At the beginnings only the Christians had these privileges, but soon many other communities could frequent Russian schools -> they were the first intellectuals.

How to spread this knowledge?
The printing was spread only in XIX century -> first printing house in Cairo (before in Italy were printed religious books for the Middle East).

Tratto da COURSE NOTES OF "ISLAMIC CULTURE" di Luca Porcella
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