NATO from the 90s to Today and the Italian Missions Under Article 11 of the Italian Constitution

Preface............................................................................................................................... 1 
 
PART I 
NATO AND THE COLLECTIVE SECURITY IN THE 90s 
Chapter 1:  
TOWARDS THE NEW STRATEGIC CONCEPT OF 1991........................................... 
 
2 
 1.1 A new phase begins: The “London Declaration”................................... 2 
 1.2 The strategic review of 1991................................................................... 5 
Chapter 2: 
NATO'S ROLE IN THE EVENTS OF THE 90S FROM THE GULF WAR TO THE 
WAR IN KOSOVO........................................................................................................... 
 
 
12 
 2.1 NATO's role in the Gulf War of 1991 and related problems.................. 12 
 2.2 The crisis in the Balkans......................................................................... 13 
 2.3 NATO and Peacekeeping........................................................................ 16 
 2.4 The case of Kosovo................................................................................. 21 
Chapter 3: 
THE 1999 DOCUMENT OF WASHINGTON................................................................. 
 
25 
 3.1 The contents of the Document of Washington......................................... 
 3.1.1 The traditional tasks: legitimate defence against aggression.. 
 3.1.2 The non Article 5 missions....................................................... 
 3.1.3 The operational area of NATO from a geographical point of 
view................................................................................................... 
 3.1.4 Relations with the United Nations and other organizations of 
the European continent..................................................................... 
 3.1.5 The NATO – UE/OSCE relations according to the Document 
of Washington.................................................................................... 
25 
27 
30 
 
32 
 
35 
 
37 
 3.2 The Document of Washington in relation to international law, with 
particular attention to collective defence and non Article 5 missions.......... 
 
38 
 3.3 The relationship between NATO and Chapters VII and VIII of the 
Charter of the United Nations....................................................................... 
 
41 
 3.4 The obligations arising from the Washington Document for Member 
States............................................................................................................. 
 
43 
 3.5 Conclusions............................................................................................. 46

PART II 
NATO FROM 9/11 TO THE STRATEGIC CONCEPT OF 2010 
Chapter 4: 
FROM 9/11TO 2002: EVENTS AND CONSEQUENCES FOR THE 
INTERNATIONAL COMUNITY AND NATO WITH RELATED JURIDICAL 
ASPECTS.......................................................................................................................... 
 
 
 
47 
 4.1 The resolutions of the Security Council on terrorism and the position 
on the attacks of September 11...................................................................... 
 
49 
 4.2 The consequences for NATO of 9/11 and Article 5 of the Treaty........... 51 
 4.3 The problems of 9/11 for NATO.............................................................. 54 
 4.4 Juridical aspects of Mission ISAF (International Security Assistance 
Force)............................................................................................................  
 
57 
 4.5 The beginning of the fight against international terrorism..................... 
 4.5.1 A role for NATO in the fight against global terrorism............. 
58 
61 
 4.6 The classification of the hostilities – The actors on the afghan 
exchequer at the beginning of OEF AFGH................................................... 
 4.6.1 Taliban / Al-Qaeda................................................................... 
 4.6.2 The coalition forces.................................................................. 
 
62 
63 
64 
 4.7 A point on the situation in Afghanistan up to 2002................................. 65 
 4.8 The ROE (Rules of Engagement)............................................................ 66 
 4.9 The rules concerning detention in the period October 2001 - June 
2002............................................................................................................... 
 
67 
Chapter 5: 
NATO’S TRANSFORMATION PROCESS..................................................................... 
 
72 
 5.1 The Prague Summit and enlargement..................................................... 72 
 5.2 The divisions provoked by the intervention in Iraq in 2003.................... 79 
 5.3 The Istanbul Summit and the rediscovered cohesion.............................. 82 
 5.4 The Riga Summit..................................................................................... 86 
Chapter 6: 
THE SITUATION IN AFGHANISTAN FROM LATE 2002 TO TODAY..................... 
 
91 
 6.1 The expansion of ISAF in Afghanistan under NATO command.............. 95 
 6.2 The ROE (Rules of Engagement) in the second phase............................ 99 
 6.3 The rules concerning detention during the second phase, from 2002 to

today.............................................................................................................. 
 6.3.1 The transfer of prisoners.......................................................... 
 6.3.2 The issue of the detainees at Guantanamo............................... 
 
103 
106 
107 
Chapter 7: 
 NATO’S NEW STRATEGIC CONCEPT OF 2010: THE COMPREHENSIVE 
APPROACH AND THE RELATIONS WITH THE UN AND UE................................. 
 
 
110 
 7.1 The Strategic Concept of Lisbon – 2010................................................. 
 7.1.1 The NATO – UN relationship and past operations.................. 
 7.1.2 The NATO – EU relationship................................................... 
110 
111 
113 
 7.2 The problems of the New Strategic Concept with an eye to the future... 115
INTERVIEW WITH ANDREA MARGELLETTI:  A point on NATO 119 
 
PART III 
ITALY ON THE INTERNATIONAL SCENE:  
FROM THE REPUDIATION OF WAR TO THE PARTICIPATION IN 
INTERNATIONAL MISSIONS, IN THE LIGHT OF ARTICLE 11 OF THE 
CONSTITUTION. 
Chapter 8: 
THE VALUE OF PEACE ACCORDING TO THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE 
ROLE OF NATO............................................................................................................... 
 
 
123 
 8.1 The value of peace in the evolution of constitutional and international 
law................................................................................................................. 
 
123 
 8.2 Regional organizations and the maintenance of peace and security: 
NATO and Chapter VIII of the UN Charter.................................................. 
 
125 
 8.3 NATO operations authorized by the Security Council............................ 129 
 8.4 NATO operations not authorized by the Security Council and the 
general international law.............................................................................. 
 
132 
Chapter 9: 
THE REJECTION OF WAR INSIDE THE ITALIAN CONSTITUTION, THE 
PROHIBITION OF THE USE OF FORCE AND THE SENDING OF ITALIAN 
MISSIONS ABROAD....................................................................................................... 
 
 
 
135 
 9.1 Article 11 of the Italian Constitution...................................................... 135 
 9.2 The significance of the choices of Italian constituents............................ 136

9.3 The extension of the constitutional ban on armed conflict..................... 140 
 9.4 Evolution of the concept of war in the Italian regulation....................... 143 
 9.5 The blurring of boundaries between ordinary age and emergency 
regime............................................................................................................ 
 
144 
 9.6 Developments in the field of armed conflict, constitution unchanged.... 146 
 9.7 The doubts as to the mandatory nature of the prohibition of war.......... 148 
 9.8 Italian military overseas involvement,  in compliance and in violation 
of the ban....................................................................................................... 
 
149 
 9.9 NATO, the conflict in Kosovo and the Italian Constitution: a case 
study.............................................................................................................. 
 9.9.1 Critics of attempts to justify the Italian participation in legal 
intervention in Kosovo, using the Art. 11 and the judgment no. 304 
of 1984 of the Constitutional Court.................................................. 
 9.9.2 Critics of attempts to justify the Italian participation in the 
intervention in Kosovo using the Art. 10, paragraph 1, of the 
Constitution....................................................................................... 
 9.9.3 Military operations against the FRY before the Chambers: 
the role of Parliament....................................................................... 
 
152 
 
 
153 
 
 
154 
 
155 
 9.10 Military missions, rules of engagement and respect of Article 11........ 156 
 9.11 The practice. The boundary between missions and outright warfare 
initiatives....................................................................................................... 
 
158 
 9.12 Conclusions........................................................................................... 160 
Chapter 10: 
THE ITALIAN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN MISSIONS ABROAD............................ 
 
162 
 10.1 A point on the Italian missions abroad................................................. 
 10.1.1 The reasons for the Italian participation............................... 
 10.1.2 The way in which Italy takes part in missions........................ 
 10.1.3 The duration of participation in a mission............................. 
162 
162 
163 
163 
 10.2 Italian participation in military missions.............................................. 
 10.2.1 The Italian military efforts..................................................... 
164 
165 
 10.3 Italian participation in civil missions................................................... 
 10.3.1 The Italian commitment in civilian crisis management......... 
 10.3.2 Legal status for civilian personnel......................................... 
 10.3.3 Institutional responsibility..................................................... 
167 
168 
170 
171

INTERVIEW WITH MARCO BERTOLINI: The Role of the J.O.C. 173 
Bibliography...................................................................................................................... 179 
Linkography....................................................................................................................... 187 
Journals.............................................................................................................................. 193 
Attachments: 
 Resolution 1373 (2001), Adopted by the Security Council at its 4385th meeting, 
on 28 September 2001…………………………………………………………………... 
 Resolution 1378 (2001) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4415th meeting, 
on 14 November 2001…………………………………………………………………… 
 
 
197 
 
201