Hate Speech and Internet Law

1 Introduction Nowadays, it is still hard to define accurately and unanimously hate speech and, consequently, hate speech online. The complexity of this term inevitably leads to complications in identifying and regulating the phenomenon, since limitations of speech can interfere with freedom of expression. In addition, the speed in which hate speech is spread through social media platforms makes it even harder for authorities to intervene before any damage to a person or a group occurs. For these reasons, international and national laws alone cannot regulate this phenomenon. A joint effort by authorities, Internet intermediaries, organizations and users of social media is deemed necessary. However, before analysing the different objectives and methods that the above-mentioned actors pursue and apply in the Internet realm, this dissertation will try to define hate speech, finding a definition that can encompass all the different instances of this widespread phenomenon. Studies of hate speech online have shown that it takes place among different groups and aims to underline and strengthen stereotypes and prejudices. Anonymity on social media has allowed people to express their opinions without shame or the fear of being punished for their ideas. This can result in a lack of those filters that normally regulate speech offline and prevent people from saying something that could hurt others, in order to preserve their reputation. Therefore, social media not only offer a public space where everyone can post about all types of topics. They offer also the opportunity to create secret groups and group chats where all the members of a group can share their opinions, possibly even under fake names (when the terms of service allow it). In light of the evolution of Internet and social media, it is becoming extremely difficult to ignore the existence of hate speech online. There is an urgent need to address the safety problems caused by the huge amount of content hosted by social media. The existing body of research on hate speech offline and online shows that, although the phenomenon is spread all over the world, both governments and the media still do not address it exhaustively and properly.